
Fire-detection systems play a pivotal role by detecting a fire quickly and accurately and providing early warning notification, a fire-detection system can limit the emission of toxic products created by combustion, as well as global-warming gases produced by the fire itself.
A smoke detector or smoke alarm is a device that detects smoke and issues an alarm to alert nearby people of the threat of a potential fire.

Because smoke rises, most detectors are mounted on the ceiling or on a wall near the ceiling. It is imperative that smoke detectors are regularly maintained and checked that they operate properly. This will ensure early warning to allow emergency responses to occur well before a fire causes serious damage.
Aspirating smoke-detectors (ASDs) can detect the early stages of combustion and are 1000 times more sensitive than conventional smoke detectors, giving early warning to building occupants and owners.

Optical smoke detectors are light sensors. When used as a smoke detector it includes a light source (infra-red LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam like a laser, and a photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at right angles to the beam as a light detector.
Ionization detectors are sometimes known as an ionization chamber smoke detector (ICSD), which is capable of quickly sensing flaming fires that produce little smoke. It employs a radioactive material to ionize the air in a sensing chamber; the presence of smoke affects the flow of the ions between a pair of electrodes, which triggers the alarm.

A heat detector is a device that can detect heat and can be either electrical or mechanical in operation. Most heat detectors are designed to trigger alarms and notification systems before smoke even becomes a factor.
Conventional and intelligent heat detectors: These types of detectors are set to alarm when ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, typically indicating a fire; fixed-temperature heat detectors are a highly cost-effective solution for many property protection applications. If rapid response to fire is vital, rate-of-rise heat detectors are an ideal solution where rapid temperature increases would only be caused by a fire emergency
Modern fire detection systems consist of microprocessor-equipped cabinets with various field devices like smoke detectors, heat detectors, control units for fans and doors, visual annunciating devices (strobes), and audio annunciating devices (speakers, horns). These devices are connected to the cabinets through wiring and communications protocols. Fire alarm control panels, often associated with a personal computer (PC), load site-specific information such as device assignments, names, annunciating protocols, messages, and operation sequences for control devices and annunciators.
Fire Protection/Suppression
Sprinklers
The automatic sprinkler system is a crucial fire protection measure in hospitals, utilizing a piped water system fed from a street water main. This system features valves, accessible to the fire department, which can be locked in the open position. Electronic monitoring systems are in place to detect closed or partially closed conditions. Outside the building, post-indicating valves (PIVs) with open/closed indicators are often used. Internally, additional zone valves may be present, all electronically monitored to trigger alerts for closed or partially closed positions. The system’s piping is strategically distributed, leading to heat-activated sprinkler heads. When a specified temperature is reached, each sprinkler head opens, releasing water over its designated area. Water flow continues until a control valve is closed.
Barriers
Fire protection in hospitals relies on the construction elements of the buildings, incorporating barriers such as walls, doors, and dampers. These barriers, specified in hospital construction requirements, are designed to prevent the spread of smoke and fire. They use specific materials and configurations to contain fire and smoke within rooms and compartments. The aim is to provide sufficient time for fire extinguishment and safeguard evacuation routes within the building.
Extinguishers

Commercial, schools, hospitals Buildings should maintain a comprehensive fire safety strategy, including automatic sprinklers and non-water suppression systems. Additionally, they possess a variety of hand-held extinguishers in different sizes and specifications, all of which necessitate routine inspection and testing.
Hoses
Certain buildings including hospitals, schools, apartments may have fire hoses connected to automatic sprinkler systems, allowing occupants to control or extinguish fires. Using these hoses triggers a flow alarm in the fire alarm system.
Hydrants
Buildings like Hospitals have standard fire hydrants placed at designated intervals around their perimeter to facilitate fire department access. Regular testing is essential to ensure these hydrants maintain proper flow and static pressure for effective firefighting capabilities.
Illuminated exit signs, emergency lighting, and directional signs
Exit signs in buildings play a crucial role in life safety systems, serving as essential elements for emergency evacuation. These signs can be illuminated through LEDs, light bulbs, or self-illuminating radioactive luminous material. Additionally, specific light fixtures along the evacuation route must be backed by emergency power sources to ensure a lit pathway during fires or other emergencies that disrupt regular power supplies.
Emergency Electric Power
Emergency electric power refers to a backup or alternative source of electrical energy that can be quickly activated in situations where the primary power supply fails or is unavailable. It is essential for critical operations, such as in hospitals, data centers, and emergency response systems, to ensure uninterrupted power during outages or emergencies. Emergency power sources often include generators, battery systems, and other backup solutions to maintain essential services and prevent disruptions.
Lighting
lighting is a significant contributor to energy consumption, involving diverse fixtures and lamps with varying luminosities, including incandescent and fluorescent types. Despite the presence of sophisticated lighting controls aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, the nature of hospital operations typically maintains lighting at a constant level, limiting extensive adjustments.
Conclusion
Fire detection system is designed to identify and alert individuals to the presence of a fire in its early stages. It utilizes various sensors, such as smoke detectors and heat sensors, to detect anomalies in the environment. Once a potential fire is detected, the system triggers alarms and, in some cases, can automatically activate suppression mechanisms. The goal is to minimize response time, enhance safety, and reduce property damage by swiftly identifying and addressing fire incidents.